Roll over Indiana Jones - the modern archeologist comes armed with technology
21 Jan 2021
Looking into the past never looked so futuristic as it does today, and the Indiana Jones-style stereotype - with his muck-ridden, dirt digging, tomb raiding archeology - must make way for the lab-coated, bright spark of a scientist solving modern challenges in biodiversity conservation, food security and climate change in front of state-ot-the-art instrumentation and computers.
Indiana Jones and Lara Croft have a lot to answer for. Public perceptions of archaeology are often thoroughly outdated, and these characterisations do little to help.
Yet archaeology as practiced today bears virtually no resemblance to the tomb raiding portrayed in movies and video games. Indeed, it bears little resemblance to even more scholarly depictions of the discipline in the entertainment sphere.
Image: Archaeological studies of low-density, agrarian-based cities such as ancient Angkor Wat in Cambodia are increasingly being used to inform the development of more sustainable urban centres in the future. Credit: Alison Crowther
A paper published in Nature Ecology and Evolution [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01361-4] aims to give pause to an audience that has been largely prepared to take such out-of-touch depictions at face value. It reveals an archaeology practiced by scientists in white lab coats, using multi-million-euro instrumentation and state of the art computers.
It also reveals an archaeology poised to contribute in major ways to addressing such thoroughly modern challenges as biodiversity conservation, food security and climate change.
"Archaeology today is a dramatically different discipline to what it was a century ago," observes Nicole Boivin, lead author of the study and Director of the Institute's Department of Archaeology. "While the tomb raiding we see portrayed in movies is over the top, the archaeology of the past was probably closer to this than to present-day archaeology. Much archaeology today is in contrast highly scientific in orientation, and aimed at addressing modern-day issues."
Examining the research contributions of the field over the past few decades, the authors reach a clear conclusion - archaeology today has a great deal to contribute to addressing the challenges of the modern era.
Image: Information from disciplines like archaeology, history, historical ecology and palaeoecology has an important role to play in shaping sustainable solutions to the challenges of the Anthropocene. Credit: Michelle O'Reilly
"Humans in the present era have become one of the great forces shaping nature," emphasises Alison Crowther, coauthor and researcher at both the University of Queensland and the MPI Science of Human History. "When we say we have entered a new, human-dominated geological era, the Anthropocene, we acknowledge that role."
How can archaeology, a discipline focused on the past, hope to address the challenges we face in the Anthropocene?
"It is clear that the past offers a vast repertoire of cultural knowledge that we cannot ignore," highlights Professor Boivin.
The two researchers show the many ways that data about the past can serve the future. By analysing what worked and didn't work in the past - effectively offering long-term experiments in human society - archaeologists gain insight into the factors that support sustainability and resilience, and the factors that work against them. They also highlight ancient solutions to modern problems.
Image: Around the world today, we can find many examples of how past cultural and technological practices and solutions are being revived to address pressing environmental and land management challenges. Examples include (left to right) mobilization of ancient terra preta (anthropogenic dark earth) technology, revitalization of landesque capital (long-term landscape investments) and adoption of traditional fire management regimes. Credit: Michelle O'Reilly
"We show how researchers have improved the modern world by drawing upon information about the ways people in the past enriched soils, prevented destructive fires, created greener cities and transported water without fossil fuels," notes Dr. Crowther.
People also continue to use, and adapt, ancient technologies and infrastructure, including terrace and irrigation systems that are in some cases centuries or even millennia old.
But the researchers are keen to highlight the continued importance of technological and social solutions to climate change and the other challenges of the Anthropocene.
"It's not about glorifying the past, or vilifying progress," emphasises Professor Boivin. "Instead, it's about bringing together the best of the past, present and future to steer a responsible and constructive course for humanity."
